What is Chrohns Disease ?
Crohns disease is a condition that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (gut). The gut consists of the esophagus (gullet), stomach, and small and large intestine.
Crohns disease can affect any part of the gut. However, it most commonly occurs at the lower end of the small intestine, known as the ileum. Typical symptoms include pain, ulcers, and diarrhoea. Daily medication can be taken to relieve the symptoms but sometimes, surgery to remove part of the gut may be required.
This disease is not as common as ulcerative colitis in India but still very underreported. It affects females slightly more than males
The majority of people experience moderate symptoms from time to time and most (80%) will require surgery at some point. Rare complications, such as a perforated gut, can be life-threatening.
Crohns Disease
Symptoms
The symptoms of Crohns disease occur when the wall of the affected part of the gut becomes inflamed. The inflammation often causes one or more of the following symptoms:
- Pain – Different people experience different severities of pain. The site of the pain will depend on which part of the gut is affected. The condition commonly occurs at the lower end of the small intestine (ileum), and so the pain will often be on the lower right side of the abdomen,
- Ulcers – A raw area of the gut wall that may bleed. If it does, you may notice blood in your stools (faeces). Mouth ulcers are also common.
- Diarrhoea – Can vary from mild to severe, and may contain mucus, pus or blood. You may feel a frequent need to go to the toilet, but a lack of anything to pass (tenesmus) is common,
- Feeling generally unwell – Fever and extreme tiredness
- Loss of appetite and weight
- Anaemia – can occur if you lose a lot of blood, and
- Anal fissures and rectal bleeding – The skin of the anus may become cracked (anal fissures), bleed and be painful.
The symptoms vary depending on the part of your gut affected. For example, if you have pain in your abdomen, with no other symptoms, it may be due to a small patch of Crohns disease in your small intestine. However, if the condition causes severe diarrhoea and other symptoms, the large intestine will be affected.
Some people with Crohns disease experience additional symptoms. These can include:
- Inflammation of the joints (arthritis),
- Inflammation of the eye (uveitis),
- Inflammation of the liver, and
- Skin rashes
The reason why these other symptoms occur is not fully understood. However, it is thought that they may be triggered by the immune system as a reaction to the inflammation of the gut.
Causes
The exact cause of Crohns disease is unknown. It is thought that there may be a genetic link because there is some evidence that it runs in families. One in ten people with the condition has a close relative who also has it.
A bacterium or virus (germ) may be a factor in the cause of Crohn’s disease. Some scientists think that in people who are genetically prone to the condition, a germ may trigger the immune system to cause inflammation in parts of the gut.
Crohns disease is more common in smokers and in women who use the combined oral contraceptive pill.
Diagnosis
As well as weight loss and ill-health, there are a few physical signs that may indicate that you have Crohns disease. Sometimes, a mass can be felt in the abdomen when loops of inflamed bowels are stuck together. There may also be fatty stools.
A number of tests can be carried out to diagnose Crohn’s disease, and which ones are used will depend on the part of your gut that is affected. Tests that can be used include:
- Stool tests
- Blood tests to check for anaemia and other deficiencies
- Biopsy where a small sample of the lining of the gut is taken for analysis under a microscope
- Sigmoidoscopy investigation of the lower bowel using a sigmoidoscope (a short, flexible telescope)
- Colonoscopy investigation of the colon using a colonoscope (a long, flexible telescope)
If you have symptoms in the upper part of your gut, an endoscopy may be conducted. This involves an endoscope (a thin, flexible telescope) being passed down your oesophagus (gullet) and into your stomach, in order to allow the doctor to look inside.
For diagnosing Crohns disease, a barium X-ray of the large intestine (barium enema) or small intestine (barium meal) may be used. Barium is usually given in liquid form and will appear white on X-rays, highlighting which parts of the gut are affected. Further tests and scans may be required if a diagnosis of Crohns disease is in doubt, or if there are complications.
Treatment
If the symptoms of Crohn’s disease are severe, a course of steroids (corticosteroids) may be recommended for a few weeks. In most cases (70%), the symptoms improve within four weeks of starting steroids. Once the symptoms improve, the dose is gradually reduced, and then stopped. As steroids can cause side effects, they are not usually used as a long-term treatment.
5-aminosalicylate medicines can be used as an alternative to steroids, to treat mild to moderate symptoms of Crohn’s disease. They include sulfasalazine, mesalazine, of salazine, and balsalazide. However, they do not always work and you may need to switch to steroids if your symptoms are severe.
Some people with Crohn’s disease do not respond well to steroids or 5-aminosalicylate medicines. In such cases, a specialist may advise that you use antibiotics to combat infection, immunosuppressive medicines,such as methotrexate, antibody therapy (infliximab), or a combination of these treatments.
If you have particularly bad symptoms, which cannot be controlled using medicines, you may be given a strict diet to follow. In most cases, after sticking to the diet for a few weeks, the symptoms improve and a normal diet can be gradually resumed. The reasons why this works are not fully understood, but it is thought that some foods, such as dairy products, may trigger the symptoms of Crohn’s disease and that resting the gut may help.
As a last resort, if other treatments do not work, surgery may be required to remove the affected part of your gut. The affected part is removed and the two ends are sewn together. Surgery may also be required to treat complications such as obstructions, abscesses, or damage to your gut.
This is now commonly done for segmental resections and is ideal for crohns patients as most crohns patients need 4-5 surgeries in their lifetime and keyhole surgery helps patients to undergo future without risk of severe adhesions and difficulties of redosurgery
Anti-diarrhoeal medicines can be taken to firm up your stools, and painkillers may be needed at times when your symptoms are particularly bad. If your symptoms are really severe, you may need to go to hospital to receive fluid intravenously (by a drip).
You may be prescribed iron tablets if you develop anaemia. Also, if your gut is not absorbing food properly, you may need to take vitamin supplements. If you smoke, giving up will often decrease the frequency of your symptoms
Complication
- Internal bleeding
- Structure a narrowing of part of the gut which may be due to a build up of scar tissue, causing a partial or complete blockage of the intestine
- Perforation a small hole in the wall of the gut, causing the contents to leak out, and an infection or abscess to develop inside the abdomen. This can be serious and life-threatening, and
- Fistulas when inflammation causes a channel to form between two parts of the gut, such as the small intestine and colon.
Other complications of Crohns disease include iron deficiency, and problems with food absorption, due to scarring in the intestine, or because its length is reduced following a number of operations.
People with Crohns disease also have a slightly higher risk of developing bowel cancer compared with those who do not have the condition.